ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The association between renal hypoxia and the development of renal injury is well established. However, no adequate method currently exists to non-invasively measure functional changes in renal oxygenation in normal and injured patients. METHOD: R2* quantification was performed using renal blood oxygen level-dependent properties. Five healthy normotensive women (50±5.3 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging in a 1.5T Signa Excite HDx scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). A multiple fast gradient-echo sequence was used to acquire R2*/T2* images (sixteen echoes from 2.1 ms/slice to 49.6 ms/slice in a single breath hold per location). The images were post-processed to generate R2* maps for quantification. Data were recorded before and at 30 minutes after the oral administration of an angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril, 25 mg). The results were compared using an ANOVA for repeated measurements (mean + standard deviation) followed by the Tukey test. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01545479. RESULTS: A significant difference (p<0.001) in renal oxygenation (R2*) was observed in the cortex and medulla before and after captopril administration: right kidney, cortex = 11.08 ± 0.56ms, medulla = 17.21 ± 1.47ms and cortex = 10.30 ± 0.44ms, medulla = 16.06 ± 1.74ms, respectively; and left kidney, cortex= 11.79 ± 1.85ms, medulla = 17.03 ± 0.88ms and cortex = 10.89 ± 0.91ms, medulla = 16.43 ± 1.49ms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that the technique efficiently measured alterations in renal blood oxygenation after angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibition and that it may provide a new strategy for identifying the early stages of renal disease and perhaps new therapeutic targets.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Captopril/pharmacology , Kidney/metabolism , Oxygen/metabolism , Kidney/blood supply , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Oxygen/blood , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Os autores visam descrever e comparar as principais técnicas de analgesia no pós-operatório de cirurgia torácica
Subject(s)
Humans , Analgesia , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Morphine/therapeutic use , Thoracotomy , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Analgesics/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Epidural , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Intercostal Nerves/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
As células humanas säo circundadas por uma membrana externa. A funçäo celular é dependente da composiçäo e funçäo desta membrana plasmática, cuja anormalidades podem estae envolvidas em processos patológicos. Esta revisäo aborda aspectos da estrutura e funçäo de transporte através da membrana celular
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Biological Transport , Diffusion , Membrane Lipids/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
A malária, doença extremamente prevalente em vários países em desenvolvimento, afeta milhöes de crianças em todo o mundo, sendo muitas vezes fatal. Nas áreas endêmicas, a doença apresenta-se tipicamente em crianças com menos de cinco anos, com anorexia, vômitos, febre, cefaléia, alteraçöes do nível de consciência e convulsöes. A severidade, em geral, dos quadros clínicos se deve à demora no diagnóstico e início do tratamento. Quinino é a droga de escolha em todo o mundo e o tratamento deve ser feito por via endovenosa. Entretanto, o uso desta droga näo tem sido extensamente estudado em crianças, e nestas, o tratamento ideal ainda näo é conhecido. A resistência à cloroquina já está amplamente difundida e portanto só deve ser usada se quinino näo for disponível. Nas áreas de alta resistência à cloroquina, suplementos com tetraciclina säo usados. A quimioprofilaxia para malária em crianças, nas zonas estáveis, é controversa, pelo medo de promover resistência à droga